Careful readings for a flash glucose monitoring system in nondiabetic Japanese subjects: individual differences and discrepancy in glucose concentrarion after glucose loading [Rapid Communication].

The FreeStyle Libre Flash Glucose Monitoring System (FGM), which can continuously measure glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid glucose (FGM-ISFG), has been in clinical use worldwide. However, it is not clear how accurately FGM-ISFG reflects plasma glucose concentration (PG). In the present study, we examined the clinical utility of FGM by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In eight healthy volunteers (3 males; mean age, 41.8 y) wearing FGM sensors for 14 days, OGTT was performed during days 1-7 and days 8-14, and then both FGM-ISFG and PG were compared. Parkes error grid analysis indicated that all of 65 FGM-ISFG values were within Zone A (no effect on clinical action) and Zone B (little or no effect on clinical outcome). However, in OGTT, the mean FGM-ISFG was higher than the mean actual PG at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after loading (155.5 vs. 139.2 mg/dL, 166.2 vs. 139.2 mg/dL, 149.5 vs. 138.2 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.05). Moreover, the area under the curve of FGM-ISFG was also significantly larger than that of PG (17,626.2 vs. 15,195.0 min·mg/dL; p<0.05). In four of eight subjects, FGM-ISFG tended to be higher than PG in both OGTTs, and the greatest difference between the two values was 58 mg/dL. FGM is useful for glycemic control, whereas it is not appropriate to change therapeutic regimens based on the judgment of nocturnal hypoglycemia and postprandial hyperglycemia by FGM-ISFG. Careful attention is required for proper application of FGM.

Brief psychoeducation for schizophrenia primarily intended to change the cognition of auditory hallucinations: an exploratory study.

Auditory hallucinations and delusions are core symptoms of schizophrenia, which interact with each other. The attribution of auditory hallucinations to other people is considered to lead to secondary delusions. This study examined whether brief psychoeducation can change the cognition of auditory hallucinations, particularly, their attribution, and thus alleviate secondary delusions. Twenty-two schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations were recruited in this open study. The intervention consisted of five sessions during the course of 4 weeks. Outcome measures were used to assess delusions, beliefs about auditory hallucinations, and depression. At the end of the intervention, statistically significant reduction was observed in both delusions and depression. Beliefs about hallucinations showed statistically significant improvement in terms of malevolence, omnipotence, and resistance but not in terms of benevolence and engagement. In conclusion, the present study suggests that psychoeducation might be useful in reducing secondary delusions without exacerbating a depressive state.

Studies on the constituents of Syringa species. X. Five new iridoid glycosides from the leaves of Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara.

Five new iridoid glycosides, (8Z)-ligstroside (1), (8Z)-nüzhenide (3), 6'-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosylsyringopicroside (4), 3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylsyringopicroside (5) and 4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylsyringopicroside (6) were isolated, together with a known one, (8E)-nüzhenide (2), from the leaves of Syringa reticulata. Their structures were established on the basis of chemical and spectral data. Compounds 1 and 3 are the first findings of a (8Z)-oleoside-type secoiridoid. Compound 4 is the first naturally occurring iridoid di-glycoside having an isomaltose.